II 

BTS 

1905 


UC-NRLF 


B    3    IDS    It, 5 


IN 

George  Davidson 

1825-1911 


THE  RUMFORD  FUND 


AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 


THE 


RUMFORD   FUND 


OF    THE 


AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES, 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED    BY   THE    ACADEMY. 
1905. 


Qll 


THE    RUMFORD   FUND 

BENJAMIN  THOMPSON,  Count  Rumford,  was 
born  at  Woburn,  Massachusetts,  March  26,  1753, 
and  died  at  Auteuil,  France,  August  21,  1814. 
During  his  boyhood  he  showed  an  intense  interest  in 
scientific  matters  and  attended  scientific  lectures  at 
Harvard  College.  Afterwards  he  studied  medicine, 
though  he  never  practised,  and  taught  school  at  Con- 
cord, New  Hampshire.  He  was  suspected  of  being 
unfriendly  to  the  cause  of  liberty  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  and  on  the  evacuation  of  Boston  by  the 
British  —  in  March,  1776  —  he  went  to  England. 

Here  he  prosecuted  various  scientific  researches,  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1779. 
He  subsequently  entered  the  employ  of  Prince  Maxi- 
milian of  Bavaria,  to  whom  he  was  of  great  service, 
reorganizing  the  army,  instituting  important  social  re- 
forms, and  at  the  same  time  prosecuting  valuable  scien- 
tific researches.  Of  these  the  most  noteworthy  was  his 
well-known  investigation  into  the  cause  of  the  heat 
produced  by  friction,  by  which  he  conclusively  dis- 
proved the  hypothesis  of  the  fluid  nature  of  heat,  and 
laid  an  important  stone  in  the  foundation  of  the  doc- 
trine of  the  conservation  of  energy.  He  was  created  a 
count  by  Prince  Maximilian,  and  chose  the  title  Count 


2  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

Rumford,  after  the  New  Hampshire  town  from  which 
the  family  of  his  wife  had  come. 

In  1799  he  returned  to  England,  and  soon  after  pro- 
jected the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain.  He 
went  to  France  in  1804,  subsequently  married  the 
widow  of  Lavoisier,  and  died  in  1814.  By  a  bequest 
in  his  will  he  founded  the  Rumford  Professorship  of 
the  Application  of  Science  to  the  Useful  Arts  in  Har- 
vard University. 

The  Rumford  Fund  had  its  origin  in  the  gift  by 
Count  Rumford  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  of  the  sum  of  $5000  ;  which  was  simul- 
taneous with  the  gift  of  a  like  sum,  £1000,  to  the 
Royal  Society  of  Great  Britain.  The  purpose  of  the 
fund  was  the  same  in  each  case,  the  award  of  a  suitable 
premium  for  discoveries  or  improvements  in  Heat  and 
Light. 

The  intention  of  the  donor  was  announced  to  the 
Academy  in  the  following  letter :  — 

LONDON,  July  12,  1796. 

To    the    Hon.    JOHN    ADAMS,   President    of  the    American    Academy   of 
Arts  and  Sciences. 

SIR,  —  Desirous  of  contributing  efficaciously  to  the  advancement 
of  a  branch  of  science  which  has  long  employed  my  attention,  and 
which  appears  to  me  to  be  of  the  highest  importance  to  mankind, 
and  wishing  at  the  same  time  to  leave  a  lasting  testimony  of  rny 
respect  for  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  I  take 
the  liberty  to  request  that  the  Academy  would  do  me  the  honour  to 
accept  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars,  three  per  cent  stock  in  the  funds  of 
the  United  States  of  North  America,  which  Stock  I  have  actually 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  3 

purchased,  and  which  I  beg  leave  to  transfer  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Academy,  to  the  end  that  the  interest  of  the  same  may  be  by 
them,  and  by  their  successors,  received  from  time  to  time,  forever, 
and  the  amount  of  the  same  applied  and  given  once  every  second 
year,  as  a  premium,  to  the  author  of  the  most  important  discovery 
or  useful  improvement,  which  shall  be  made  and  published  by 
printing,  or  in  any  way  made  known  to  the  public,  in  any  part 
of  the  Continent  of  America,  or  in  any  of  the  American  Islands 
during  the  preceding  two  years,  on  Heat,  or  on  Light ;  the 
preference  always  being  given  to  such  discoveries  as  shall,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Academy,  tend  most  to  promote  the  good  of" 
mankind. 

With  regard  to  the  formalities  to  be  observed  by  the  Academy 
in  their  decisions  upon  the  comparative  merits  of  those  discoveries 
which  in  the  opinion  of  the  Academy  may  entitle  their  Authors  to 
be  considered  as  competitors  for  this  biennial  premium,  the 
Academy  will  be  pleased  to  adopt  such  regulations  as  they  in  their 
wisdom  may  judge  to  be  proper  and  necessary. 

But  in  regard  to  the  form  in  which  this  Premium  is  conferred, 
I  take  the  liberty  to  request  that  it  may  always  be  given  in  two 
medals,  struck  in  the  same  die,  the  one  of  gold  and  the  other  of 
silver,  and  of  such  dimensions  that  both  of  them  together  may  be 
just  equal  in  intrinsic  value  to  the  amount  of  interest  of  the 
aforesaid  Five  Thousand  Dollars  stock  during  two  years  :  that  is  to 
say,  that  they  may  together  be  of  the  value  of  Three  Hundred 
Dollars. 

The  Academy  will  be  pleased  to  order  such  device  or  inscrip- 
tion to  be  engraved  on  the  die  they  shall  cause  to  be  prepared  for 
striking  these  medals,  as  they  may  judge  proper. 

If  during  any  term  of  two  years,  reckoning  from  the  last  ad- 
judication, or  from  the  period  for  the  adjudication  of  this  Premium 
by  the  Academy,  no  new  discovery  or  improvement  should  be 
made  in  any  part  of  America,  relative  to  either  of  the  subjects  in 
question  (Heat  or  Light),  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Academy 
shall  be  of  sufficient  importance  to  deserve  this  Premium,  in  that  case, 


4  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

it  is  my  desire  that  the  Premium  may  not  be  given,  but  that  the 
value  of  it  may  be  reserved,  and  by  laying  out  in  the  purchase  of 
additional  stock  in  the  American  funds  may  be  applied  to  augment 
the  capital  of  this  Premium  ;  and  that  the  interest  of  the  sums  by 
which  the  capital  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  so  augmented,  may  reg- 
ularly be  given  in  money  with  the  two  medals,  and  as  an  addition  to 
the  original  Premium  at  each  succeeding  adjudication  of  it.  And 
it  is  further  my  particular  request  that  those  additions  to  the 
value  of  the  Premium  arising  from  its  occasional  non-adjudication 
may  be  suffered  to  increase  without  limitation. 

With  the  highest  respect  for  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  and  the  most  earnest  wishes  for  their  success  in  their 
labours  for  the  good  of  mankind, 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  with  much  Esteem  and  Regard,  Sir, 
Your  most  Obedient,  Humble  Servant, 

RUMFORD. 

The  gift  was  accepted  by  the  Academy,  but  for  many 
years  no  award  of  the  premium  was  made,  as  no  claimant 
appeared  whose  merit  was  such  in  its  opinion  as  to  justify 
this.  Meanwhile  the  fund  had  accumulated  to  the 
amount  of  $20,000,  and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  was 
no  possibility  of  expending  the  income  in  the  pre- 
cise manner  contemplated  by  Count  Rumford,  applica- 
tion was  made  in  1831  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  for  relief,  if  such 
should  be  possible. 

The  Court  issued  a  decree  which  modified  the  pos- 
sible disposition  of  the  income  of  the  fund  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  increase  its  usefulness  while  keeping 
entirely  within  the  spirit  of  the  original  gift,  saying  in 
part  as  follows :  - 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  5 

'*  It  further  appears  that  the  said  donation  was  made  to  the 
American  Academy  for  a  general  purpose  of  charity,  that,  namely, 
of  promoting  a  useful  branch  of  science  for  the  benefit  of  mankind  ; 
that  the  Academy  accepted  the  same,  upon  the  terms  stated,  and 
for  the  purposes  contemplated  by  said  donation,  and  are  now 
under  obligation  to  carry  the  general  intent  of  the  donor  into 
effect,  as  far  as  it  is  practicable  to  do  so.  It  further  appears,  that,  in 
consequence  of  the  impediments  set  forth  in  the  Bill,  it  is  imprac- 
ticable for  the  Academy  to  carry  the  general  charitable  intent  of  the 
donor  into  effect  in  the  exact  and  precise  mode  specified  by  him  ; 
but,  considering  the  general  and  primary  intent  of  Count  Rumford 
to  have  been  to  awaken  and  stimulate  the  ingenuity,  and  encourage 
the  researches  and  experiments  of  individuals  on  the  continent  or 
the  islands  of  America  to  make  important  discoveries  or  useful 
improvements  upon  the  subjects  of  Light  and  Heat,  and  to  cause 
them  speedily  to  be  published  for  the  good  of  mankind,  it  does 
appear  to  the  Court  that  it  is  quite  practicable  for  the  Academy 
to  accomplish  and  carry  into  effect  the  general  charitable  intent 
and  purpose  of  Count  Rumford  by  some  slight  alterations  in  the 
mode  particularly  prescribed  by  him  for  carrying  the  same  into 
effect. 

"It  is  therefore  by  the  court  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed, 
for  the  reasons  set  forth  in  the  bill,  that  the  plaintiffs  be,  and  they 
are  bv  the  authority  of  this  court,  empowered  to  make  from  the 
income  of  said  fund,  as  it  now  exists,  at  any  annual  meeting  of  the 
Academy,  instead  of  biennially,  as  directed  by  the  said  Benjamin 
Count  Rumford,  award  of  a  gold  and  silver  medal,  being  together 
of  the  intrinsic  value  of  three  hundred  dollars,  as  a  premium  to  the 
author  of  any  important  discovery  or  useful  improvement  on  heat 
or  on  light  which  shall  have  been  made  and  published  by  print- 
ing, or  in  any  way  made  known  to  the  public,  in  any  part  of  the 
Continent  of  America,  or  any  of  the  American  Islands,  preference 
being  always  given  to  such  discoveries  as  shall,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  Academy,  tend  most  to  promote  the  good  of  mankind  ;  and  to 
add  to  such  medals  as  a  further  reward  and  premium  of  such  dis- 


6  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

co very  or  improvement,  if  the  plaintiffs  see  fit  so  to  do,  a  sum  of 
money  not  exceeding  three  hundred  dollars. 

"And  it  is  further  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed,  that  the 
plaintiffs  may  appropriate  from  time  to  time,  as  the  same  can 
advantageously  be  done,  the  residue  of  the  income  of  said  fund 
hereafter  to  be  received,  and  not  so  as  aforesaid  awarded  in 
premiums,  to  the  purchase  of  such  books  and  papers  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus  (to  be  the  property  of  said  Academy)  and  in 
making  such  publications  or  procuring  such  lectures,  experiments, 
or  investigations,  as  shall  in  their  opinion  best  facilitate  and  en- 
courage the  making  of  discoveries  and  improvements  which  may 
merit  the  premium  so  as  aforesaid  to  be  by  them  awarded.  And 
that  the  books,  papers,  and  apparatus  so  purchased  shall  be  used, 
and  such  lectures,  experiments,  and  investigations  be  delivered  and 
made,  either  in  the  said  Academy  or  elsewhere,  as  the  plaintiffs 
shall  think  best  adapted  to  promote  such  discoveries  and  improve- 
ments as  aforesaid,  and  either  by  the  Rumford  Professor  of  Harvard 
University  or  by  any  other  person  or  persons,  as  to  the  plaintiffs 
shall  from  time  to  time  seem  best." 

In  considering  this  action  of  the  Court,  Dr.  George 
E.  Ellis,  the  biographer  of  Count  Rumford,  makes  the 
following  comment :  — 

"  It  is  easy  to  express  the  obvious  suggestion,  that  the  enlarge- 
ment and  direction  thus  allowed  by  judicial  decision  to  the  use  of 
the  trust  fund  committed  by  Count  Rumford  to  the  Academy,  for 
one  specified  and  well-defined  object,  exceed  any  possible  construc- 
tion that  can  be  put  upon  the  liberal  terms  of  his  deed  of  gift. 
But  it  is  just  as  easy  to  meet  the  suggestion  by  affirming  that  the 
judicial  decree  has  in  view,  and  aims,  it  may  even  be  said,  most 
conscientiously  to  fulfil,  the  intent  of  the  donor.  Under  its  de- 
cision the  Academy  may  make  the  munificence  of  Count  Rumford 
most  serviceable  at  the  fountain-head  and  sources  of  that  scientific 
development  which  alone  can  secure  biennially,  or  at  longer  or  shorter 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  7 

intervals,  a  signal  result  marking  a  point  in  the  flow  of  the  stream. 
Books  and  lectures  presenting  the  last  discoveries,  or  methods  for 
discovery,  in  the  Count's  favorite  subjects  of  experiment,  may  be 
regarded  as  even  something  better  than  an  alternative  in  the  im- 
provement of  his  fund,  to  the  use  of  it  for  a  medal  or  premium 
under  the  pressure  of  a  supposed  obligation  to  bestow  it  with  chief 
reference  to  the  lapse  of  two  years. 

"  In  view  of  all  the  circumstances  and  of  the  difficulties  which  the 
case  presented,  one  may  reasonably  affirm  that  when  the  honored 
and  venerated  chief-justice  gave  validity  to  the  decree  of  the  court, 
he  might  have  felt  the  full  assurance  that  Count  Rumford  himself 
would  have  dictated  its  terms." 

At  the  close  of  the  last  fiscal  year  of  the  Academy 
(1904-05)  the  Rumford  Fund  amounted  to  $58,722.16, 
the  income  for  that  year  having  been  $2550.73. 

A  standing  committee  of  the  Academy  known  as  the 
Rumford  Committee,  consisting  of  seven  Fellows,  is 
charged  with  the  supervision  of  the  trust  created  by 
Count  Rumford,  and  considers  all  applications  and 
claims  for  the  Rumford  Premium,  and  all  applications 
made  for  grants  from  the  income  of  the  fund  in  aid  of 
research  or  for  other  purposes. 

The  Rumford  Committee  was  first  constituted  a 
standing  committee  in  1833.  Its  members  were  nomi- 
nated annually  by  the  President  of  the  Academy  until 
1863,  since  which  time  they  have  been  chosen  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  other  officers. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  have  been  mem- 
bers of  the  Committee. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND 


MEMBERS   OF   THE    RUMFORD   COMMITTEE. 

1833-1905. 


1833-1838, 
1833-1837, 
1833-1848, 
1833-184-6, 
1833-1849, 
1837-1846, 
1838-1839, 
1839-1840, 
1840-1843, 
1843-1849, 
1846-1850, 
1846-1847, 
1847-1868, 
1848-1863, 
1849-1863, 
1849-1878, 
1850-1862, 
1862-1871, 
1863-1869, 
1863-1864, 
1863-1864, 
1863-1866, 


Nathaniel  Bowditch 
Francis  C.  Gray 
Daniel  Treadwell 
Jacob  Bigelow 
John  Ware 
John  Pickering 
James  Jackson 
Benjamin  Peirce 
George  B.  Emerson 
Benjamin  Peirce 
Francis  C.  Lowell 
James  Hayward 
Joseph  Lovering 
Eben  N.  Horsford 
Daniel  Treadwell 
Morrill  Wyman 
Henry  L.  Eustis 
Joseph  Winlock 
William  B.  Rogers 
Charles  W.  Eliot 
Theophilus  Parsons 
Cyrus  M.  Warren 


1864-1894, 

1864-1871, 

1866-1877, 

1868-1878, 

1869-1890, 

1871-1885, 

1871-1880, 

1877-1897, 

1878-1892, 

1878-1892, 

1880-1891, 

1885- 

1890-1896, 

1892- 

1892- 

1892- 

1894-1896, 

1896- 

1897-1902, 

1897- 

1902- 


Wolcott  Gibbs 
Francis  H.  Storer 
Josiah  P.  Cooke 
James  B.  Francis 
Edward  C.  Pickering 
John  M.  Ordway 
Stephen  P.  Ruggles 
John  Trowbridge 
Josiah  P.  Cooke 
Joseph  Lovering 
George  B.  Clark 
Erasmus  D.  Leavitt 
Benjamin  O.  Peirce 
Edward  C.  Pickering 
Amos  E.  Dolbear 
Charles  R.  Cross 
Benjamin  A.  Gould 
Arthur  G.  Webster 
Thomas  C.  Mendenhall 
Theodore  W.  Richards 
Elihu  Thomson 


The  successive  chairmen  of  the  Rumford  Committee 
up  to  the  present  time  have  been  the  following :  - 
Messrs.  Nathaniel  Bowditch  (1833-1838),  James  Jack- 
son (1838-1839),  John  Pickering  (1839-1846),  Daniel 
Treadwell  (1846-1848),  Eben  N.  Horsford  (1848-1863), 
Joseph  Lovering  (1863-1868),  Joseph  Winlock  (1868- 
1871),  Josiah  P.  Cooke  (1871-1876),  Morrill  Wyman 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  9 

(1876-1878),  Joseph  Levering  (1878-1892),  John  Trow- 
bridge  (1892-1897),  Charles  R.  Cross  (1897-). 

The  Rumford  Premium  is  awarded  by  the  Academy 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Rurnford  Committee. 
It  has  been  given  to  the  following  persons  and  on  the 
ground  stated. 

AWARDS    OF   THE    RUMFORD    PREMIUM    OF   THE 
AMERICAN    ACADEMY. 

1839.     ROBERT  HARE,  of  Philadelphia,  for  his   invention  of  the 

compound  or  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 
1862.     JOHN  ERICSSON,  of  New  York,  for  his  improvements  in  the 

management  of  heat,  particularly  as  shown  in  his  caloric 

engine  of  1855. 

1865.  DANIEL  TREADWELL,  of  Cambridge,  for  improvements  in  the 

management  of  heat,  embodied  in  his  investigations  and 
inventions  relating  to  the  construction  of  cannon  of  large 
calibre,  and  of  great  strength  and  endurance. 

1866.  ALVAN  CLARK,  of  Cambridge,  for  his  improvements  in  the 

manufacture  of  refracting  telescopes,  as  exhibited  in  his 

method  of  local  correction. 
1869.     GEORGE  HENRY  CORLISS,  of  Providence,  for  his  improvement 

in  the  steam-engine. 
1871.     JOSEPH  HARRISON,   JR.,   of  Philadelphia,  for  his  mode  of 

constructing  steam-boilers,  by   which  great  safety    has 

been  secured. 

1873.     LEWIS  MORRIS  RUTHERFURD,  of  New  York,  for  his  improve- 
ments  in   the   processes    and   methods    of  astronomical 

photograph  v. 
1875.     JOHN  WILLIAM  DRAPER,  of  New  York,  for  his  researches  on 

radiant  energy. 
1 880.     JOSIAH  WILLARD  GIBBS,  of  New  Haven,  for  his  researches  in 

thermodynamics. 


io  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

1883.  HEXRY  AUGUSTUS  ROWLAND,  of  Baltimore,  for  his  researches 
in  light  and  heat. 

1886.  SAMUEL  PIERPONT  LAXGLEY,  of  Allegheny,  for  his  researches 
in  radiant  energy. 

1888.  ALBERT  ABRAHAM  MICHELSON,  of  Cleveland,  for  his  deter- 
mination of  the  velocity  of  light,  for  his  researches  upon 
the  motion  of  the  luminiferous  ether,  and  for  his  work 
on  the  absolute  determination  of  the  wave-lengths  of 
light. 

1891.  EDWARD  CHARLES  PICKERING,  of  Cambridge,  for  his  work  on 
the  photometry  of  the  stars  and  upon  stellar  spectra. 

1895.  THOMAS  ALVA  EDISON,  of  Orange,  N.  J.,  for  his  investigations 
in  electric  lighting. 

1898.  JAMES  EDWARD  KEELER,  of  Allegheny,  for  his  application  of 

the  spectroscope  to  astronomical  problems,  and  especially 
for  his  investigations  of  the  proper  motions  of  the  nebulae, 
and  the  physical  constitution  of  the  rings  of  the  planet 
Saturn,  by  the  use  of  that  instrument. 

1899.  CHARLES  FRANCIS  BRUSH,  of  Cleveland,  for  the  practical  de- 

velopment of  electric  arc-lighting. 

1900.  CARL  BARUS,  of  Providence,  for  his  various   researches  in 

heat. 

1901.  ELIHU  THOMSON,  of  Lynn,  for   his    inventions   in  electric 

welding  and  lighting. 

1902.  GEORGE  ELLERY  HALE,  of  Chicago,  for  his  investigations  in 

solar  and  stellar  physics  and  in  particular  for  the  inven- 
tion and  perfection  of  the  spectro-heliograph. 

1904.  ERNEST  Fox  NICHOLS,  of  New  York,  for  his  researches  on 
radiation,  particularly  on  the  pressure  due  to  radiation, 
the  heat  of  the  stars,  and  the  infra-red  spectrum. 

The  Rumford  Fund  of  the  Royal  Society  has  been  de- 
voted solely  to  the  award  of  the  premium  according  to  the 
original  provisions  of  that  trust.  For  purposes  of  com- 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  n 

parison  with  the  foregoing  the  following  list  of  grantees 
of  the  Royal  Society's  Rumford  Premium  is  given  :  - 

AWARDS   OF  THE    RUMFORD    PREMIUM  OF  THE    ROYAL 

SOCIETY. 

1802.  BENJAMIN  COUNT  RUMFORD.  For  his  various  Discoveries 
respecting  Light  and  Heat. 

1804.     JOHN  LESLIE.     Experiments  on  Heat. 

1806.  WILLIAM  MURDOCK.  Publication  on  the  Employment  of 
Gas  from  Coal  for  the  Purpose  of  Illumination. 

1810.  ETIENNE  Louis  MALUS.  Discovery  of  Certain  Properties  of 
Reflected  Light. 

1814.     WILLIAM  CHARLES  WELLS.     Essay  on  Dew. 

1816.     HUMPHRY  DAVY.     Papers  on  Combustion  and  Flame. 

1818.  DAVID  BREWSTER.  Discoveries  relating  to  the  Polarization 
of  Light. 

1824.  AUGUSTIN  JEAN  FRESNEL.  Development  of  the  Undula- 
tory  Theory,  as  applied  to  the  Phenomena  of  Polarized 
Light :  and  various  Important  Discoveries  in  Physical 
Optics. 

1832.  JOHN  FREDERIC  DANIELL.  Experiments  with  a  new  Regis- 
ter Pyrometer  for  measuring  the  Expansion  of  Solids. 

1834.     MACEDONIO  MELLONI.    Discoveries  relative  to  Radiant  Heat. 

1838.  JAMES  DAVID  FORBES.  Experiments  on  the  Polarization  of 
Heat. 

1840.  JEAN  BAPTISTE  BIOT.  Researches  in  and  connected  with 
the  Circular  Polarization  of  Light. 

1842.  HENRY  Fox  TALBOT.  Discoveries  and  Improvements  in 
Photography. 

1846.  MICHAEL  FARADAY.  Discovery  of  the  Optical  Phenomena 
developed  by  the  Action  of  Magnets  and  Electric  Cur- 
rents in  Certain  Transparent  Media. 

1848.  HENRI  VICTOR  REGNAULT.  Experiments  on  Expansion  and 
Density  of  Air,  different  Gases,  and  Mercury. 


12  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

1850.  FRANCOIS  JEAN  DOMINIQUE  ARAGO.  Experimental  Inves- 
tigation on  Polarized  Light. 

1852.  GEORGE  GABRIEL  STOKES.  On  the  Change  of  Refrangibility 
of  Light. 

1854.  NEIL  ARNOTT.  A  new  Smoke-Consuming  and  Fuel-Saving 
Fireplace. 

1856.  Louis  PASTEUR.  Discovery  of  the  Nature  of  Racemic  Acid, 
arid  its  Relations  to  Polarized  Light. 

1858.  JULES  CELESTIN  JAMIN.  Various  Experimental  Researches 
on  Light. 

1860.  JAMES  CLERK  MAXWELL.  Researches  on  the  Composition 
of  Colors,  and  other  Optical  Papers. 

1862.  GUSTAV  ROBERT  KIRCHHOFF.  Researches  on  the  Fixed  Lines 
of  the  Solar  Spectrum,  and  on  the  Inversion  of  the 
Bright  Lines  in  the  Spectra  of  Artificial  Light. 

1864.  JOHN  TYNDALL.  Researches  on  the  Absorption  and  Radi- 
ation of  Heat  by  Gases  and  Vapors. 

1866.  ARMAND  HIPPOLYTE  Louis  FIZEAU.  Optical  Researches 
and  Investigations  into  the  Effect  of  Heat  on  the  Re- 
fractive Power  of  Transparent  Bodies. 

1868.  BALFOUR  STEWART.  Researches  on  the  Qualitative  as  well  as 
Quantitative  Relations  between  the  Powers  of  Emission 
and  Absorption  of  Bodies  for  Heat  and  Light. 

1870.  ALFRED  OLIVIER  DES  CLOIZEAUX.  Researches  in  Minera- 
logical  Optics. 

1872.     ANDERS  JONAS  ANGSTROM.     Researches  on  Spectral  Analysis. 

1874.  JOSEPH  NORMAN  LOCKYER.  Spectroscopic  Researches  on  the 
Sun  and  on  the  Chemical  Elements. 

1876.  PIERRE  JULES  CESAR  JANSSEN.  Researches  on  the  Radia- 
tion and  Absorption  of  Light,  carried  on  chiefly  by  means 
of  the  Spectroscope. 

1878.  ALFRED  CORNU.  Optical  Researches,  and  especially  his  re- 
cent rede  termination  of  the  Velocity  of  Propagation  of 
Light. 

1880.     WILLIAM  HUGGINS.     Astronomical  Researches. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  13 

1882.  WILLIAM  DE  WIVELESLIE  ABNEY.  Contributions  to  the 
Advancement  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Photog- 
raphy. 

1884.     TOBIAS  ROBERT  THALEN.     Spectroscopic  Researches. 

1886.  SAMUEL  PIERPONT  LANGLEY.  Researches  on  the  Spectrum 
by  means  of  the  Bolometer. 

1888.  PIETRO  TACCHINI.  Important  and  long-continued  Inves- 
tigations which  have  largely  advanced  our  Knowledge 
of  the  Physics  of  the  Sun. 

1890.     HEINRICH  HERTZ.     Work  on  Electro- magnetic  Radiation. 

1892.     NILS  CHRISTOFER  DUNER.     Astronomical  Observations. 

1894.  JAMES  DEWAR.  Researches  at  very  high  and  very  low  Tem- 
peratures, and  on  Spectroscopic  Phenomena. 

1896.  PHILIPP  LENARD  AND  WILHELM  KONRAD  RONTGEN.  Re- 
searches on  Phenomena  which  occur  outside  a  highly 
exhausted  Tube  through  which  an  Electrical  Discharge 
is  passing. 

1898.  OLIVER  JOSEPH  LODGE.  Researches  on  Radiation  and  on 
the  Relations  between  Matter  and  Ether. 

1900.  ANTOINE  HENRI  BECQUEREL.  Discoveries  in  Radiation 
proceeding  from  Uranium. 

1902.  CHARLES  ALGERNON  PARSONS.  Application  of  the  Steam 
Turbine  to  Industrial  Purposes  and  its  recent  Extension 
to  Navigation. 

1904.  ERNEST  RUTHERFORD.  Researches  on  Radio-activity,  and 
particularly  his  Discovery  of  the  Existence  and  Prop- 
erties of  the  Gaseous  Emanations  from  Radio-active 
Bodies. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  grants  made  from  the  income 
of  the  Rumford  Fund  of  the  American  Academy  in 
furtherance  of  research.  In  a  few  cases  the  appropria- 
tion has  not  been  called  for  because  the  research  in 
question  has  not  proved  feasible,  because  funds  have 


i4  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

been   provided   from    elsewhere,  or   for  other  reasons. 
When  this  is  believed  to  be  the  case  it  is  so  stated. 


GRANTS    FROM   THE    RUMFORD    FUND. 

1832-1862.     Observatory  at  Cambridge,  for  telescope  and 

other  apparatus $3776 

ENOCH  HALE.  For  rain  gauges  and  sundry  ex- 
penses for  experiments  and  investigations  relating 
to  the  fall  of  rain 1697 

1862.  PHILANDER   SHAW.     Experiments  relating  to  air- 

engines  600 

1863.  OGDEN  N.   ROOD.     Physical    relations    of  iodized 

plate  to  light.  (Appropriation  subsequently 
transferred  to  another  research,  viz.,  photometry)  300 

1864.  WOLCOTT  GIBBS.      For  purchase  of  a  Meyerstein 

spectrometer  and  Regnault's  apparatus  for  meas- 
uring vapor- tension 600 

JOSIAH  P.  COOKE,  JR.  For  purchase  of  glass  prisms 
to  be  used  in  an  investigation  of  metallic  spectra. 
(These  prisms  were  purchased  from  the  Academy 
by  Professor  Cooke  in  1871) 200 

1866.  OGDEN   N.  ROOD.     Photometry.      (Appropriation 

of  1863  for  relations  of  iodized  plate  to  light, 
$300,  transferred  to  this  purpose.) 

1867.  WOLCOTT  GIBBS.     For  repairing  Meyerstein  spec- 

trometer belonging  to  the  Academy 100 

1869.  JOSEPH  WINLOCK.     For  purchase  of  spectroscopic 

instruments  for  observations  of  the  solar  eclipse 

of  August,  1869 .         300 

1870.  BENJAMIN  APTHORP  GOULD.     For  photometric  and 

spectroscopic  apparatus  for  the  Observatory  at 
Cordova.  (Apparatus  subsequently  purchased 
by  the  Argentine  Government) 500 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  15 

1875.  JOHN    TROWBRIDGE.      Improvement    of    magneto- 

electric  machine  and  induction  coil     ....       $500 

1876.  HENRY    A.     ROWLAND.       New    determination    of 

mechanical  equivalent  of  heat 600 

SAMUEL    P.    LANGLEY.       Researches    on    radiant 

energy 600 

1877.  BENJAMIN   O.   PEIRCE,  JR.     Investigation   of  the 

conduction    of  heat  in  the  interior  of  bodies. 

($60,  only,  called  for) 200 

EDWARD    C.    PICKERING.     Atmospheric   refraction         520 

1878.  WOLCOTT    GIBBS,    JOHN    TROWBRIDGE,   EDWARD  C. 

PICKERING.  Experiments  on  photometry  and 
polarimetry.  (A  small  portion  only  of  this  ap- 
propriation was  called  for) 500 

CHARLES  A.  YOUNG.  In  aid  of  observations  on 
solar  eclipse  of  July  29,  1878.  (Appropria- 
tion not  called  for) 300 

NATHANIEL  S.  SHALER.  Investigation  on  loss  of 
internal  heat  of  earth  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston.  (Appropriation  not  called  for)  .  .  .  200 

WILLIAM  W.  JACQUES.  Experiments  on  the  dis- 
tribution of  heat  in  the  spectrum 100 

WOLCOTT  GIBBS,  EDWARD  C.  PICKERING,  JOHN  TROW- 
BRIDGE. Determination  of  indices  of  refraction. 
(A  small  portion  only  of  this  appropriation  was 
called  for) 500 

1879.  JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.     Heat  developed  by  magnetiza- 

and  demagnetization  of  magnetic  metals        .     .         200 
WILLIAM  W.  JACQUES.     Radiation  at  high  tem- 
peratures             200 

WILLIAM  A.  ROGERS.  To  procure  a  metric  stand- 
ard of  length  350 

1880.  SILAS  W.  HOLMAN.     Viscosity  of  gases    ....         250 
WOLCOTT  GIBBS.     Construction  of  dynamo-electric 

machine  of  a  new  plan 150 


i6  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

SAMUEL    P.    LANGLEY.     Distribution    of    heat    in 

diffraction  spectrum S300 

1882.  EDWARD  C.  PICKERING.     Stellar  photography,  with 

a  view  of  obtaining  a  method  of  estimating  the 

brightness  of  stars 500 

JOHN    TROWBRIDGE.     Thomson    effect   and    allied 

subjects 250 

1883.  JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.       Addition  to    last  preceding 

appropriation 100 

FRANK  N.  COLE.    Experiments  on  Maxwell's  theory 

of  light .  50 

1884.  RUMFORD  COMMITTEE,   for   purchase   of  Rowland 

grating 40 

WILLIAM  H.  PICKERING.     Experiments  in  photog- 
raphy              200 

JOHN  TROWBRIDGE,  EDWARD  C.  PICKERING,  CHARLES 

R.  CROSS.     Experiments  on  standard  of  light    .          300 

EDWARD  C.  PICKERING.     Photometry 200 

WILLIAM    A.    ROGERS.     Production    of  constant 

temperatures 100 

JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.     Effect  of  changes  of  temper- 
ature on  magnetism        100 

1885.  WILLIAM   A.  ROGERS.     For  Construction  of  con- 

stant   temperature    room.     (Addition    to    for- 
mer appropriation) 82 

EDWARD  C.  PICKERING.     Photometry 300 

WILLIAM    H.   PICKERING.     Photography  and  new 

standard  of  light 300 

1886.  WILLIAM    H.  PICKERING.      Observations    of  Solar 

Corona,  Eclipse  of  August,  1886 500 

HENRY   P.    BOWDITCH.     Calorimetric  observations 
on  the  heat  of  the  human  body.     ($100,  only, 

called  for) 500 

JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.     Standard  of  light      (Appropri- 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  17 

ation  subsequently  transferred  to  another  research, 

viz.,  radiant  energy) $250 

CHARLES  R.  CROSS.  Thermo-electric  effect  in 
Munich  shunt  method.  (Appropriation  not 
called  for) 75 

1887.  JOHN      TROWBRIDGE.       Investigations    on     radiant 

energy.     (Appropriation  of   1886    for  Standard 

of  light,  |250,  transferred  to  this  purpose.) 
CHARLES     R.     CROSS      and  t  SILAS     W.     HOLMAN. 

Thermometry 250 

ERASMUS  D.   LEAVITT,  JR.     Investigations  upon   a 

pyrometer.     (Appropriation  not  called  for)    .     .       250 
JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.     Metallic  spectra 250 

1888.  JOHN    TROWBRIDGE.     Metallic   spectra.      (Addition 

to  former  appropriation) 500 

WILLIAM  H.  PICKERING.     For  observations  on  solar 

eclipse  of  Jan.,  1889 500 

1889.  CHARLES    C.    HUTCHINS.     Investigation    on    lunar 

radiation 250 

EDWIN  H.  HALL.  Heat  developed  in  cylinder 

of  steam-engine 100 

HENRY  A.  ROWLAND.  Metallic  spectra  ....  500 

1890.  EDWIN  H.  HALL.     Investigations  on  cylinder  tem- 

perature         100 

BENJAMIN  O.  PEIRCE.  Temperature  changes  in  in- 
terior of  solids.  (Appropriation  not  called  for)  200 

1892.  DANIEL  W.  SHEA.      Velocity  of  light  in  magnetic 

field  ....... 250 

BENJAMIN  O.  PEIRCE.  Propagation  of  heat  within 

certain  solid  bodies 200 

HENRY  A.  ROWLAND.  Investigations  on  solar 

spectrum 250 

1893.  WILLIAM    A.    ROGERS.     Investigation    on  the  pul- 

sation of  thermometers 175 

WILLIAM  H.  PICKERING.     Observations  in  Arizona 


i8  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

on  transparency  and  steadiness  of  the  air  and  on 
the  changes  in  temperature  on  the  planet  Mars. 
(Appropriation  not  called  for) $500 

1894.  FRANK  A.  LAWS.     Thermal  conductivity  of  metals       300 
EDWARD  L.    NICHOLS.     Radiation    from   carbon  at 

different  temperatures 250 

1895.  EDWIN  H.  HALL.     Thermal  conductivity  of  metals  250 
ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER.     Velocity  of  electric  waves    .  250 
BENJAMIN  O.    PEIRCE.     Thermal    conductivities  of 

poor  conductors 250 

1896.  HENRY    CREW.       Electric,    chemical,    and  thermal 

effects  of  electric  arc 400 

ROBERT  O.  KING.     Thomson  effect  in  metals  ...        100 

1897.  ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER.     Velocity  of  light.     (Appro- 

priation not  called  for) 500 

GEORGE  E.  HALE.  Construction  of  spectro-helio- 

graph 400 

ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER.  Construction  of  revolving 

mirror 250 

ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER  and  ROBERT  R.  TATNALL. 

The  Zeeman  effect 100 

1898.  WALLACE    C.  SABINE.     Researches    on    ultra-violet 

radiation 400 

ALBERT    A.    MICHELSON.     New    form     of    diffrac- 
tion grating.     (Echelon  spectroscope)    ....       500 
THEODORE  W.  RICHARDS.     For  the  construction  of 
a  microkinetoscope,  to  be  applied  to  a  study  of 
the  birth  and  growth  of  crystals 200 

1899.  WALLACE  C.  SABINE.     Further  researches  on  ultra- 

violet wave-length 200 

HENRY  CREW.     Spectrum  of  the  electric  arc  .     .     .       200 
ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER.     Distribution  of  energy   in 
various  spectra  studied  by  means  of  the  Michel- 
son  interferometer  and  the  radiometer.     (Appro- 
priation not  called  for) 200 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  19 

EDWIN  B.  FROST.  To  aid  in  construction  of  a 
spectrograph  especially  designed  for  the  meas- 
urement of  stellar  velocities  in  the  line  of  sight  8500 

1900.  EDWARD    C.  PICKERING.     For   constructing   a    new 

type  of  photometer  to  be  used  in  an  investiga- 
tion on  the  brightness  of  faint  stars,  to  be 
carried  out  by  co-operation  with  certain  observa- 
tories possessing  large  telescopes 500 

THEODORE  W.  RICHARDS.  Transition  temperatures 

of  crystallized  salts 100 

ARTHUR  L.  CLARK.  Molecular  properties  of  vapors 

in  the  neighborhood  of  the  critical  point  .  .  .  250 

CHARLES  E.  MENDENHALL.  Investigations  on  a 

hollow  bolometer.  ($100,  only,  called  for)  .  .  200 

GEORGE  E.  HALE.  Application  of  the  radiometer 
to  the  study  of  the  infra-red  spectrum  of  the 
chromosphere 500 

ARTHUR  A.  NOYES.  Effect  of  high  temperatures 

on  the  electrical  conductivity  of  salt  solutions.  300 

1901.  THEODORE    W.    RICHARDS.     Research    on    the    ex- 

pansion of  gases 500 

HENRY  CREW.  Order  of  appearance  of  the  differ- 
ent lines  of  the  spark  spectrum 100 

ROBERT  W.  WOOD.    Anomalous  dispersion  of  sodium 

vapor *     ...       350 

ARTHUR  G.  WEBSTER.     For  purchase  of  fluorite  plates         65 

1902.  ERNEST  F.  NICHOLS.     For  the  purchase  of  a  spec- 

trometer, in  furtherance  of  a  research  on  resonance 

in  connection  with  heat  radiations 300 

THEODORE  W.  RICHARDS.  For  the  construction  of 
a  mercurial  compression  pump  to  be  used  in  a 
research  on  the  Joule-Thomson  effect.  (Appro- 
priation subsequently  transferred  to  another  re- 
search, viz.,  the  experimental  study  of  chemical 
thermodynamics) 750 


20  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

ARTHUR    A.  NOYES.     Effect  of  high  temperatures 

on  the  electrical  conductivity  of  aqueous  solutions     $300 

RALPH  S.   MINOR.     Dispersion  and  absorption  of 

substances  for  ultra-violet  radiation 150 

1903.  THEODORE  W.  RICHARDS.  The  experimental  study 
of  chemical  thermodynamics.  (Appropriation  of 
1902  for  compression  pump,  $750,  transferred  to 
this  purpose.) 

SIDNEY    D.    TOWNLEY.     For    the    construction     of 

a  stellar  photometer 100 

EDWIN  B.  FROST.  For  the  construction  of  a  special 
lens  for  use  in  connection  with  the  stellar  spectro- 
graph  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory  for  the  study 
of  radial  velocities  of  faint  stars 200 

ERNEST  F.  NICHOLS  and  GORDON  F.  HULL.  In  aid 
of  the  investigation  of  the  relative  motion  of  the 
earth  and  the  ether  by  the  method  of  "  Fizeau^s 
polarization  experiment."  (Appropriation  trans- 
ferred to  another  research,  viz.,  effect  of  motion 
of  earth  on  intensity  of  radiation) 250 

GEORGE  E.  HALE.  For  the  purchase  of  a  Rowland 
concave  diffraction  grating  to  be  used  in  the 
photographic  study  of  the  brighter  stars  .  .  .  300 

EDWARD  C.  PICKERING.  For  the  construction  of 
two  stellar  photometers  to  be  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Rumford  Committee  ....  150 

ERNEST  F.  NICHOLS  and  GORDON  F.  HULL.  Effect 
of  the  motion  of  the  earth  on  the  intensity  of 
radiation.  (Appropriation  for  Fizeau's  polari- 
zation experiment,  $250,  transferred  to  this 
purpose.) 

FREDERIC     L.     BISHOP.     Thermal    conductivity    of 

lead 75 

FREDERICK  A.  SAUNDERS.     Characteristics  of  spectra 

produced  under  varying  conditions    .     .     .     .     .       200 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  21 

WILLIAM  J.  HUMPHREYS.  Shift  of  spectrum  lines 

due  to  pressure 8300 

NORTON  A.  KENT.  Circuit  conditions  influencing 

electric  spark  lines 250 

EDWARD  W.  MORLEY.  Nature  and  effects  of 

ether  drift 500 

1904.  JOHN  A.  DUNNE.     Fluctuations  in  solar  activity  as 

evinced  by  changes  in  the  difference  between 
maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  ....  200 

CARL  BARUS.  Optical  method  of  study  of  radio- 
actively  produced  condensation  nuclei.  (Appro- 
priation not  yet  called  for)  . 200 

DEWITT  B.  BRACE.  Double  refraction  in  gases  in 

an  electrical  field 200 

ROBERT  W.  WOOD.  Optical  and  other  physical 

properties  of  sodium  vapor 350 

NORTON  A.  KENT  (Addition  to  former  appropriation). 

Circuit  conditions  influencing  electric  spark  lines  100 

ARTHUR  L.  CLARK  (Addition  to  former  appropria- 
tion). Molecular  properties  of  vapors  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  critical  point 150 

1905.  DEWITT  B.  BRACE   (Addition  to  former  appropria- 

tion).    Double  refraction  in  gases  in  an  electrical 

field 200 

CHARLES  B.  THWING.  Thermo-electric  force  of 

metals  and  alloys  150 

HARRY  W.  MORSE.  Fluorescence 500 

JOHN  TROWBRIDGE.  Electric  double  refraction  of 

light 200 

EDWIN  H.  HALL.  Thermal  and  thermo-electric 

properties  of  iron  and  other  metals  .....     200 

The  following  list  contains  the  titles  of  papers  relat- 
ing to  heat  and  light  which  have  been  published  in  the 
Memoirs  or  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  and  which, 


22  THE   RUMFORD    FUND 

with  perhaps  a  few  exceptions  prior  to  1880,  have  been 
printed  at  the  expense  of  the  Rumford  Fund. 

PAPERS  PRINTED  AT  THE  EXPENSE  OF  THE  RUMFORD 

FUND. 

MEMOIRS. 

PRINCE,  JOHN.     Description  of  a  new  Stand  for  a  Reflecting  Tele- 
scope.    N.  S.,  i,  334.     1833. 
BOND,  WILLIAM  C.     Description  of  the  Observatory  at  Cambridge, 

Massachusetts.     N.  S.,  iv,  177.     1848. 
TREADWELL,    DANIEL.      On    the    Practicability    of    Constructing 

Cannon  of  great  Caliber,  capable  of  enduring  long-continued 

Use  under  full  Charge.     N.  S.,  vi,  1.     1856. 
HALL,  JONATHAN  P.     Register  of  the  Thermometer  for  36  Years, 

from  1821   to  1856,  to  which  is  added  the  Quantity  of  Rain 

falling  in  Boston,   Mass.,  for  34  Years,   from    1823  to   1856. 

N.  S.,  vi,  229.     1857. 
BOND,  GEORGE  P.     On  the  light  of  the  Moon  and  of  the  Planet 

Jupiter.     N.  S.,  viii,  221.     1861. 
BOND,  GEORGE   P.     Comparison   of  the    Light    of  the   Sun    and 

Moon.     N.  S.,  viii.     287. 
TREADWELL,  DANIEL.     On  the  Construction  of  Hooped  Cannon. 

N.  S.,  ix,  45.     1864. 
WARREN,  CYRUS  M.     On    a    Process  of  Fractional  Condensation 

applicable  to  the  Separation  of  Bodies  having  small  Differences 

between  their  Boiling  Points.     N.  S.,  ix,  121.     1864. 
LOVERING,  JOSEPH.     On  the   Secular   Periodicity    of  the   Aurora 

Borealis.     N.  S.,  ix,  101.     1867. 
LOVERING,    JOSEPH.     Catalogue  of  Auroras    observed,   mostly   at 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  since  the  year  1838.     N.  S.,  x,  1. 
LOVERING,  JOSEPH.     On  the  Periodicity  of  the  Aurora  Borealis. 

N.  S.,  x,  9.     1864. 
SEARLE,  ARTHUR.     The  Apparent  Position  of  the  Zodiacal  Light. 

N.  S.,  xi,  135.     1885. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  23 

PICKERING,   EDWARD   C.      Stellar  Photography.      N.   S.,   xi,   179. 

1886. 
LAXGLEY,  SAMUEL  P.,  YOUNG,  C.  A.,  and  PICKERING,  E.  C.     Pritch- 

arcTs  Wedge  Photometer.     N.  S.,  xi,  301.     1886. 
ROWLAND,  HENRY  A.     On  a  Table  of  Standard  Wave  Lengths  of 

the  Spectral  Lines.     N.  S.,  xii,  101.     1893. 

PROCEEDINGS. 

BOND,  GEORGE  P.  Results  of  an  Examination  of  the  Photographs 
of  the  Star  Mizar  with  its  Companion  and  the  neighboring  Star 
Alcor,  iii,  386.  1857. 

COOKE,  JOSIAH  P.,  JR.  On  the  Aqueous  Lines  of  the  Solar  Spec- 
trum, vii,  57.  1866. 

WARREN,  CYRUS  M.  Note  on  an  improved  Apparatus  for  the  De- 
termination of  Vapor  Densities  by  Gay-Lussac's  Method,  vii, 
99.  1866. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Dispersion  of  a  Ray  of  Light  refracted  at 
any  number  of  Plane  Surfaces,  vii,  478.  1868. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Applications  of  Fresnel's  Formula  for  the 
Reflection  of  Light,  ix,  1.  1873. 

COOKK,  JOSIAH  P.,  JR.  The  Vermiculites  :  their  Crystallographic 
and  Chemical  Relations  to  the  Micas ;  together  with  a  Discus- 
sion of  the  Cause  of  the  Variation  of  the  Optical  Angle  in  these 
Minerals,  ix,  35.  1873. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.,  and  WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  H.  Foci  of 
Lenses  placed  Obliquely,  x,  300.  1875. 

AMORY,  HARCOURT,  and  MINOT,  JAMES  J.  On  the  Effect  of  Heat 
upon  the  Magnetic  Susceptibility  of  Soft  Iron,  x,  308.  1875. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     On  a  New  Induction  Coil,  x,  381.     1875. 

PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.,  JR.,  and  LEFAVOUR,  EDWARD  B.  On  the  Effect 
of  Armatures  on  the  Magnetic  State  of  Electro-Magnets,  x,  385. 
1875. 

HODGKINS,  WILLIAM  C.,  and  JENNINGS,  JAMES  H.  On  the  Time  of 
Demagnetization  of  Soft  Iron,  x,  387.  1875. 


24  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

JACQUES,  WILLIAM  W.     Light  transmitted  by  one  or  more  Plates 

of  Glass,  x,  389.     1875. 
GIBBS,  WOLCOTT.     Optical  Notices.     1.  On  a  New  Optical  Constant. 

2.     On  a  Method  of  Measuring  Refractive  Indices  without  the 

Use  of  Divided  Instruments,  x,  401.     1875. 
WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  H.     Intensity  of  Twilight,  x,  421.     1875. 
CROSBY,  WILLIAM  O.     Light  of  the  Sky,  x,  425.     1875. 
PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.,  and  STRANGE,  D ALSTON  P.     Light  absorbed 

by  the  Atmosphere  of  the  Sun,  x,  428.     1875. 
PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.,  and  STRANGE,  DALSTON  P.     Tests  of  a  Mag- 
neto-Electric Machine,  x,  432.     1875. 
AMORY,  ROBERT.     On  Photographs  of  the  Solar  Spectrum,  xi,  70. 

1875. 
TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     On  the  Effect  of  Thin  Plates  of  Iron  used  as 

Armatures  to  Electro-Magnets,  xi,  202.     1876. 
TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     On  the  so-called  Etheric  Force,  xi,  206.     1876. 
TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     On  a  new  Form  of  Mirror  Galvanometer,  xi, 

208.     1876. 
PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN    O.,  JR.     On  the  Induction  Spark  produced  in 

Breaking  a  Galvanic  Circuit  between  the  Poles  of  a  Magnet,  xi, 

218.     1875. 
WILSON,  WILLIAM  P.     Condensers  and  Geisslers  Tubes,  xi,  282. 

1875. 
PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.     Comparison  of  Prismatic  and  Diffraction 

Spectra,  xi,  273.     1875. 
AMORY,  ROBERT.     On  Photographs  of  the  Solar  Spectrum,  xi,  279. 

1876. 
HOLM  AN,  SILAS  W.     On  the  Effect  of  Temperature  on  the  Viscosity 

of  Air,  xii,  41.     1876. 
PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.,  JR.     Note  on  the  Determination  of  the  Law 

of  Propagation  of  Heat  in  the  Interior  of  a  Solid  Body,  xii,  143. 

1877. 
HARKNESS,  WILLIAM.     Theory  of  the  Horizontal  Photoheliograph 

including  its   Application  to  the  Determination    of  the    Solar 

Parallax  by  Means  of  the  Transits  of  Venus,  xii,  186.     1877. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  25 

PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.,  JR.,  and  LEFAVOUK,  EDWARD  B.     Preliminary 
Work  on  the  Determination  of  the  Law  of  the  Propagation  of 
Heat  in  the  Interior  of  Solid  Bodies,  xiii,  128.     1877. 
AMORY,    ROBERT.     On    the    Photographic    Action    of   Dry    Silver 

Bromide   Collodion,   &c.,  to  Rays  of  Solar  Light  of  Different 

Refrangibility,  xiii,  171.     1877. 
TROUVELOT,  ETIENNE  LEOPOLD.     The  Moon's  Zodiacal  Light,  xiii, 

183.     1877. 
TROUVELOT,  ETIENNE  LEOPOLD.     Undulations  observed  in  the  Tail 

of  Coggia's  Comet,  1874,  xiii,  185.     1877. 
TROUVELOT,  ETIENNE  LEOPOLD.     Sudden  Extinction  of  the  Light 

of  a  Solar  Protuberance,  xiii,  187.     1877. 
HARKNESS,  WILLIAM,  U.  S.  N.     Supplementary  Note  on  the  Theory 

of  the  Horizontal  Photoheliograph,  xiii,  194.     1877. 
AMORY,  ROBERT.     Theory  of  Absorption-Bands  in  the  Spectrum, 

and  its  Bearing  in  Photography  and  Chemistry,  xiii,  216.     1878. 
HALL,  G.  STANLEY.     Color-Perception,  xiii,  402.     1878. 
LANGLEY,,  SAMUEL   P.     On    certain    Remarkable    Groups   in   the 

Lower  Spectrum,  xiv,  92.     1878. 
LAXGLEY,  SAMUEL  P.     On  the  Temperature  of  the  Sun,  xiv,  106. 

1878. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  HILL,  WALTER  N.     On  the  Heat  Produced 
-  by  the  Rapid  Magnetization  and  Demagnetization  of  the  Mag- 
netic Metals,  xiv,  114.     1878. 
TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     Methods  of  Measuring  Electric  Currents  of 

Great  Strength  ;  together  with  a  Comparison  of  the  Wilde,  the 

Gramme,  and  the  Siemens'  Machines,  xiv,  122.     1878. 
JACQUES,   WILLIAM  W.     Distribution  of  Heat  in  the  Spectra  of 

Various  sources  of  Radiation,  xiv,  142.     1879. 
ROWLAND,   HENRY  A.     On   the    Mechanical  Equivalent   of  Heat, 

with  Subsidiary  Researches  on  the  Variation  of  the  Mercurial 

from  the  Air  Thermometer,  and  on  the  Variation  of  the  Specific 

Heat  of  Water,  xv,  75.     1879. 
LEE,  ARTHUR  H.     On  a  Standard  for  Estimating  the  Amount  of 

Light  Reflected  by  Various  Substances,  xv,  223.     1879. 


26  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

SCHWARTZ,  WILLIAM  H.  Effect  of  Distance  on  Appreciation  of 
Color,  xv,  229.  1879. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.  Simple  Apparatus  for  Illustrating  Periodic 
Motion,  xv,  232.  1879. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.  Illustration  of  the  Conservation  of  Energv, 
xv,  235.  1879. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.     Photometric  Researches,  xv,  236.     1880. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Dimensions  of  the  Fixed  Stars,  with  espe- 
cial reference  to  Binaries  and  Variables  of  the  Algol  Type,  xvi, 
1.  1880. 

ROWLAND,  HENRY  A.  Appendix  to  Paper  on  the  Mechanical 
Equivalent  of  Heat,  containing  the  Comparison  with  Dr.  Joule's 
Thermometer,  xvi,  38.  1880. 

HASTINGS,  CHARLES  S.  A  Theory  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Sun 
founded  upon  Spectroscopic  Observations  original  and  other,  xvi, 
140.  1880. 

DRAPER,  JOHN  W.  On  the  Phosphorograph  of  a  Solar  Spectrum, 
and  on  the  Lines  in  its  Infra-red  Region,  xvi,  223.  1880. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Variable  Stars  of  Short  Period,  xvi,  257. 
1881. 

LANGLEY,  SAMUEL  P.  The  Bolometer  and  Radiant  Energy,  xvi, 
342.  1881. 

TODD,  DAVID  P.  On  the  Use  of  the  Electric  Telegraph  during 
Total  Solar  Eclipses,  xvi,  359.  1881. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.,  Director,  SEA  RLE,  ARTHUR,  and  WENDELL, 
OLIVER  C.,  Assistants.  Photometric  Measurements  of  the  Vari- 
able Stars  ft  Persei  and  DM.  81°  25,  made  at  the  Harvard  Col- 
lege Observatory,  xvi,  370.  1881. 

WINLOCK,  WILLIAM  C.  On  the  Group  "b"  in  the  Solar  Spectrum, 
xvi.,  398.  1880. 

HUNTINGTON,  OLIVER  W.  On  the  Spectrum  of  Arsenic,  xvii,  35. 
1881. 

PENROSE,  CHARLES  B.  Thermo-electricity.  Peltier  and  Thomson 
Effects,  xvii,  39.  1881. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND 


27 


PENROSE,  CHARLKS  B.  Thermo-electric  Line  of  Copper  and  Nickel 
below  0°,  xvii,  47.  1881. 

HOLMAX,  SILAS  W.  Simple  Method  for  Calibrating  Thermometers, 
xvii,  157.  1882. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.    The  Wedge  Photometer,  xvii,  231.     1882. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  HILL,  WALTER  N.  On  the  Heat  produced 
in  Iron  and  Steel  by  Reversals  of  Magnetization,  xviii,  197. 
1883. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  PENROSE,  CHARLES  B.  On  the  Heat  pro- 
duced in  Iran  and  Steel  by  Reversals  of  Magnetization,  xviii, 
205.  1883. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  PENROSE,  CHARLES  B.  Influence  of  Mag- 
netism upon  Thermal  Conductivity,  xviii,  210..  1883. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  PENROSE,  CHARLES  B.  Papers  on  Thermo- 
electricity, No.  1,  xviii,  214.  1883. 

SEARLE,  ARTHUR.     The  Zodiacal  Light,  xix,  146.     1883. 

DRAPER,  HENRY.  Researches  upon  the  Photography  of  Planetary 
and  Stellar  Spectra,  xix,  231.  1883. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.  A  Method  of  Measuring  the  Absolute 
Sensitiveness  of  Photographic  Dry  Plates,  xx,  159.  1884. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  A  Photographic  Study  of  the  Nebula  of 
Orion,  xx,  407.  1885. 

PENROSE,  CHARLES  B.  Relation  Between  Superficial  Energy  and 
Thermo-electricity,  xx,  417.  1884. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  McRAE,  AUSTIN  L.  The  Effect  of  Temper- 
ature on  the  Magnetic  Permeability  of  Iron  and  Cobalt,  xx,  462. 
1885. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.  Photography  of  the  Infra-Red  Region 
of  the  Solar  Spectrum,  xx,  473.  1884. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.  Methods  of  Determining  the  Speed  of 
Photographic  Exposers,  xx,  478.  1884. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.  Principles  involved  in  the  Construction 
of  Photographic  Exposers,  xx,  483.  1885. 

WEBSTER,  ARTHUR  G.  On  a  New  Method  for  Determining  the 
Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat,  xx,  490.  1885. 


28  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

TIIOWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     A  Standard  of  Light,  xx,  494.     1885. 

HOLMAN,  SILAS  W.  On  the  Effect  of  Temperature  on  the  Viscosity 
of  Air,  xxi,  1.  1885. 

WHITE,  ANTHONY  C.  Comparison  of  Alcohol  Thermometers  Bau- 
din  8208  and  8209  with  the  Air  Thermometer  at  low  Temper- 
atures, xxi,  45.  1885. 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  H.  Colored  Media  for  the  Photographic 
Dark  Room,  xxi,  244.  1885. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Atmospheric  Refraction.  Part  I,  xxi,  268. 
1885. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  Atmospheric  Refraction.  Part  II,  xxi, 
286.  1885. 

PICKERING,  EDWARD  C.  A  New  Form  of  Polarimeter,  xxi,  294. 
1885. 

CROSS,  CHARLES  R.  Experiments  on  the  Melting  Platinum  Stand- 
ard of  Light,  xxii,  220.  1886. 

CROSS,  CHARLES  R.,  and  SHEPARD,  WILLIAM  E.  The  Inverse  Elec- 
tromotive Force  of  the  Voltaic  Arc,  xxii,  227.  1886. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  HUTCHINS,  CHARLES  C.  Oxygen  in  the 
Sun,  xxiii,  1.  1887. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN,  and  HUTCHINS,  CHARLES  C.  On  the  Existence 
of  Carbon  in  the  Sun,  xxiii,  10.  1887. 

HUTCHINS,  CHARLES  C.,  and  HOLDEN,  EDWARD  F.  On  the  Existence 
of  certain  Elements,  together  with  the  Discovery  of  Platinum 
in  the  Sun,  xxiii,  14.  1887. 

SEARLE,  ARTHUR.  Atmospheric  Economy  of  Solar  Radiation, 
xxiv,  26.  1888. 

HUTCHINS,  CHARLES  C.,  assisted  by  OWEN,  DANIEL  E.  An  Account 
of  a  New  Thermograph,  and  of  some  Measures  in  Lunar  Radia- 
tion, xxiv,  125.  1889. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.  Motion  of  Atoms  in  Electrical  Discharges, 
xxv,  192.  1890. 

HALL,  EDWIN  H.  On  the  Thermal  Conductivity  of  Cast  Iron  and 
of  Cast  Nickel,  xxvii,  262.  1892. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND 


29 


HALL,  EDWIN  H.  On  a  Thermo-electric  Method  of  studying  Cyl- 
inder Condensation  in  Steam-engines,  xxviii,  37.  1893. 

WYMAN,  MORRILL.  Experiments  and  Observations  on  the  Summer 
Ventilation  and  Cooling  of  Hospitals,  xxx,  482.  1894. 

LAWS,  FRANK  A.,  and  WARREN,  HENRY  E.  Experiments  on  the 
Relation  of  Hysteresis  to  Temperature,  xxx,  490.  1894. 

HOLMAN,  SILAS  W.  Thermo-electric  Interpolation  Formulae,  xxxi, 
193.  1895. 

HOLMAN,  SILAS  W.,  with  LAWRENCE,  RALPH  R.,  and  BARR,  LAW- 
RENCE. Melting  Points  of  Aluminum,  Silver,  Gold,  Copper,  and 
Platinum,  xxxi,  218.  1895. 

HOLMAN,  SILAS  W.  Pvrometry  :  Calibration  of  the  Le  Chatelier 
Thermo-electric  Pyrometer,  xxxi,  234.  1895. 

HOLMAN,  SILAS  W.  Calorimetry  :  Methods  of  Cooling  Correction, 
xxxi,  245.  1895. 

HALL,  EDWIN  H.  On  the  Thermal  Conductivity  of  Mild  Steel, 
xxxi,  271.  1896. 

NOYES,  ARTHUR  A.,  and  GOODWIN,  HARRY  M.  The  Viscosity  of 
Mercury  Vapor,  xxxii,  225.  1896. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.  The  Energy  Conditions  necessary  to  produce 
the  Rontgen  Rays,  xxxii,  253.  1897. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.  On  the  Temperature  Coefficient  of  the 
Potential  of  the  Calomel  Electrode,  with  several  different  Super- 
natant Electrolytes,  xxxiii,  1.  1897. 

CREW,  HENRY,  and  BASQUIN,  OLIN  H.  On  the  Sources  of  Lumi- 
nosity in  the  Electric  Arc,  xxxiii,  335.  1898. 

KING,  ROBERT  O.  An  Absolute  Measurement  of  the  Thomson 
Effect  in  Copper,  xxxiii,  351.  1898. 

TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.  '  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Electrical  Dis- 
charges in  Air  and  Gases,  xxxiii,  433.  1898. 

PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.,  and  WILLSON,  ROBERT  W.  On  the  Thermal 
Conductivities  of  certain  Poor  Conductors,  I,  xxxiv,  1.  1898. 

HALL,  EDWIN  H.,  and  AYRES,  CHARLES  H.  On  the  Thermal  Con- 
ductivitv  of  Cast  Iron,  xxxiv,  281.  1898. 


3o  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

MICHELSON,  ALBERT  A.  The  Echelon  Spectroscope,  xxxv,  109. 
1899. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.  The  Driving  Energy  of  Physico-Chem- 
ical  Reaction,  and  its  Temperature  Coefficient,  xxxv,  469.  1900. 

PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.,  and  WILLSON,  ROBERT  VV.  On  the  Thermal 
Diffusivities  of  Different  Kinds  of  Marble,  xxxvi,  11.  1900. 

HALL,  EDWIN  H.  On  the  Thermal  and  Electrical  Conductivity  of 
Soft  Iron,  xxxvi,  119.  1900. 

LYMAN,  THEODORE.  False  Spectra  from  the  Rowland  Concave 
Grating,  xxxvi,  239.  1900. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.,  and  ARCHIBALD,  EBENEZER  H.  A  Studv 
of  Growing  Crystals  by  Instantaneous  Photomicrography,  xxxvi, 
339.  1901. 

NICHOLS,  EDWARD  L.  The  Visible  Radiation  from  Carbon,  xxxvii, 
71.  1901. 

BASQUIN,  OLIN  H.  The  Arc  Spectrum  of  Hydrogen,  xxxvii,  159. 
1901. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.  I.  The  Significance  of  Changing  Atomic 
Volume.  II.  The  Probable  Source  of  the  Heat  of  Chemical 
Combination,  and  a  New  Atomic  Hypothesis,  xxxvii,  397.  1901. 

PORTER,  ROYAL  A.  The  Influence  of  Atmospheres  of  Nitrogen 
and  Hydrogen  on  the  Arc  Spectra  of  Iron,  Zinc,  Magnesium, 
and  Tin,  Compared  with  the  Influence  of  an  Atmosphere  of 
Ammonia,  xxxviii,  371.  1902. 

CREW,  HENRY,  and  BAKER,  JOHN  C.  On  the  Thermal  Develop- 
ment of  the  Spark  Spectrum  of  Carbon,  xxxviii,  395.  1902. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.,  and  MARK,  KENNETH  L.  An  Apparatus 
for  the  Measurement  of  the  Expansion  of  Gases  by  Heat  under 
Constant  Pressure,  xxxviii,  415.  1902. 

RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.,  and  WELLS,  ROGER  C.  The  Transition 
Temperature  of  Sodic  Sulphate  Referred  anew  to  the  Inter- 
national Standard,  xxxviii,  429.  1902. 

PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.  On  the  Temperature  Coefficients  of  Mag- 
nets made  of  Chilled  Cast  Iron,  xxxviii,  549.  1903. 


THE    RUMFORD    FUND  31 

NICHOLS,  EDWIN  F.,  and  HULL,  GORDON  F.     The  Pressure  due  to 

Radiation,  xxxviii,  557.     1903. 
PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN  O.     On  the  Thermal  Conductivities  of  Certain 

Pieces  of  Rock  from  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  Mine,  xxxviii,  649. 

1903. 
TROWBRIDGE,  JOHN.     The  Spectra  of  Gases  and  Metals  at  High 

Temperatures,  xxxviii,  679.     1903. 
LYMAN,  THEODORE.     On  the  Prolongation  of  Spectral  Lines,  xxxix, 

31.     1903. 
LYMAN,  THEODORE.     An  Explanation  of  the  False  Spectra  from 

Diffraction  Gratings,  xxxix,  37.     1903. 
WOOD,  ROBERT  W.     The  Anomalous  Dispersion,  Absorption,  and 

Surface  Color  of  Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline,  xxxix,  49.     1903. 
No  YES,   ARTHUR    A.,  and    COOLIDGE,  WILLIAM   D.     The    Electri- 
cal Conductivity  of  Aqueous  Solutions  at  High  Temperatures. 

I.     Description  of  the  Apparatus.     Results  with  Sodium  and 

Potassium  Chloride  up  to  306°,  xxxix,  161.     1903. 
MORSE,  HARRY  W.     Spectra  from  the  Wehnelt  Interrupter,  xxxix, 

517.     1904. 
WOOD,  R.  W.     A  Quantitative  Determination  of  the  Anomalous 

Dispersion  of  Sodium   Vapor  in   the   Visible  and  Ultra-Violet 

Regions,  xl,  363.     1904. 
SAUNDERS,  FREDERICK  A.     Some  Additions  to  the  Arc  Spectra  of 

the  Alkali  Metals,  xl,  437.     1904. 

WOOD,   R.    W.       The  Achromatization  of  approximately  Mono- 
chromatic Interference  Fringes  by  a  Highly  Dispersive  Medium, 

and  the  consequent  Increase  in  the  allowable  Path-difference,  xl, 

593.     1904. 
DAVIS,    HARVEY    N.       A  PQ    Plane    for    Thermodynamic    Cyclic 

Analysis,  xl,  627.     1905. 
RICHARDS,  THEODORE  W.  and  LAMB,  ARTHUR  B.     New  Methods  of 

determining  the  Specific  Heat  and  the  Reaction  Heat  of  Liquids, 

xl,  657.     1905. 
LEWIS,  GILBERT  N.     Autocatalytic  Decomposition  of  Silver  Oxide, 

xl,  717.     1905. 


32  THE    RUMFORD    FUND 

The  Rumford  Committee  will  at  any  time  receive 
applications  for  aid  from  the  Rumford  Fund  in  further- 
ance of  researches  in  heat  or  light.  Such  applications 
may  be  sent  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  or  to 
any  of  its  members  in  care  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Full 
statements  should  be  made  as  to  the  object  of  the  in- 
vestigation for  which  aid  is  asked.  A  report  of  work  is 
expected  yearly  as  to  the  progress  of  the  research  for 
which  a  grant  has  been  made.  All  apparatus  purchased 
from  appropriations  from  the  Rumford  Fund  is  the 
.property  of  the  Academy  and  is  to  be  returned  to  it 
when  the  research  in  question  is  completed. 

The  rule  as  to  publication  of  papers  embodying  the 
results  of  investigations  furthered  by  grants  from  the 
Fund  is  indicated  in  a  vote  of  the  Rumford  Committee, 
passed  June  8,  1898. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  RECORDS  OF  THE  RUMFORD  COMMITTEE. 

"  It  was  voted  that  in  the  judgment  of  the  Committee,  persons 
carrying  on  researches  with  the  aid  of  the  Rumford  Fund  should 
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